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Exam 7: Plato Why Should We Be Good

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Question 51

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In the reading, we find this passage: "If we respect traditionalism and see every human being as unique in his own way, we might want to reject a society in which it appeared that individuals were seen merely as interchangeable units in a structure, the value of which lies in its having as many healthy units as possible."

A) True
B) False

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Question 52

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According to Singer, a point that relates to the question of just how much we all ought to be giving away "is that we ought to give until we reach the level of supervenience, that is, the level at which, by giving more, I would cause as much suffering to myself or my dependents as I would relieve by my gift."

A) True
B) False

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Question 53

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According to Hursthouse, one concept of virtue ethics concerns excellence or virtue; this is referred to as phronesis.

If the virtues are concerned with actions and passions, then the virtues will also be concerned with ...

Aristotle says, "By ________________, the things in virtue of which we stand well or badly with reference to the passions."

Singer offers a simple principle: "if it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it." Singer then goes on to say, "The uncontroversial appearance of the principle just stated is __________. If it were acted upon, even in its qualified form, our lives, our society, and our world would be fundamentally changed."

According to Thomson, "A further objection to so using the term 'right' that from the fact that A ought to do a thing for B it follows that B has a right against A that A do it for him, is that it is going to make the question of whether or not a man has a right to a thing turn on how easy it is to provide him with it; and this seems not merely unfortunate, but ..."

According to Hanley, "Like any new ____________ technology, the cloning of entire human organisms can be put to good or bad effect, for good or bad reasons."

According to Mill, "Next to selfishness, the principal cause which makes life unsatisfactory, is want of mental cultivation."

Aristotle says, "By passions, the things in virtue of which we are said to be capable of feeling these, e.g., of becoming angry or being pained or feeling pity."

Thomson asks us to consider the following thought experiment: "You wake up in the morning and find yourself back to back in bed with an unconscious guitarist. He has been found to have a fatal kidney ailment, and the Society of Music Lovers has canvassed all the available medical records and found that you alone have the right blood type to help."

According to Hursthouse, "But although all standard versions of virtue ethics insist on that conceptual link between virtue and eudaimonia, further links are matters of dispute and generate different versions. For Aristotle, virtue is rational but not fanatical; what is also needed are external goods which are a matter of luck."

Marquis says, "The view that what makes killing wrong is the loss to the victim of the value of the victim's future gains additional support when some of its implications are examined." Describe some of those "implications."

According to Hursthouse, one concept of virtue ethics concerns happiness or flourishing; this is referred to as ...

According to Thomson, "I am arguing only that having a _____________ does not guarantee having either a right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of another person's body-even if one needs it for life itself."

According to Hume, "Reason judges either of intuitive ideas or of relations."

According to Nietzsche, a pre-moral society is one in which the value of an act is determined by its consequences.

According to Wong, "The most heated debate about relativism revolves around the question of whether descriptive relativism supports meta-ethical relativism: that there is no single true or most justified morality."

According to the received nature, or common view of justice (not Socrates's view), it is far better to live an unjust life than a just one.

According to Aristotle, intellectual virtue is a product of what?